Knowledge base
18 pages · 1 overview · 17 concepts · last update today
High-level synthesis pages that tie the topic together.
Ideas, techniques, frameworks, theorems.
Defines C‑peptide thresholds that distinguish severe, moderate, and no insulin dependence, with guidance on interpreting results in context of age, disease course, and family history.
Presents the Ketonia diagnostic flowchart that separates LADA, MODY, type 1, and type 2 diabetes using C‑peptide, age, GAD antibodies, family history, and clinical presentation per ADA 2025.
Lists supplements used in the Ketonia protocol: NAC, B‑vitamins, vitamin D, nanocurcumin, folic acid, vitamin E, alpha‑lipoic acid, and GABA, with vitamin D dosing covered elsewhere.
Stresses blood pressure and lipid control, statin use in all diabetic atherosclerotic CVD, aspirin for CVD history, and choosing glucose‑lowering drugs with proven cardiovascular benefit.
Prescribes daily foot inspection, proper footwear, washing with warm water, and moisturizing to prevent complications, especially in those with neuropathy.
Advises monitoring albuminuria and eGFR, using SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP‑1RA to slow kidney disease, and avoiding metformin when eGFR falls below 30.
Describes screening for neuropathy (dizziness, orthostatic tachycardia, dry feet), pharmacologic and non‑pharmacologic interventions, and autonomic complications to watch for.
Recommends ophthalmologist referral and consideration of fenofibrate per ADA guidelines for diabetic retinopathy management.
Advises caution with fasting for patients on insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, elderly, immunocompromised, post‑transplant, those with cerebrovascular disease, on diuretics/antihypertensives, eat…
Addresses hypoglycemia through education, bedtime snacks, activity and medication adjustments, and glucose monitoring, noting that recurrent episodes warrant relaxed glycemic targets.
Details treatment for severe insulin dependence (C‑peptide <0.2 nmol/L), including basal‑bolus insulin, lifestyle base, metformin, pioglitazone, acarbose, GLP‑1RA, SGLT2 inhibitors, and DPP‑4 inhibit…
Describes LADA as adult‑onset autoimmune diabetes (GAD+, age 30‑50) that benefits from early insulin to preserve beta‑cells and sits in the moderate C‑peptide range.
Lists conditions where HbA1c is unreliable (anemias, hemolysis, hypertriglyceridemia, etc.) and suggests alternatives such as fructosamine or glycated albumin when glucose and HbA1c disagree.
Outlines MODY as a genetic, non‑immune form of diabetes with early onset, normal BMI, high C‑peptide, and good response to low‑dose sulfonylureas.
Describes first‑ and second‑line therapies for non‑insulin‑dependent patients (C‑peptide >0.7 nmol/L), emphasizing metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP‑1RA, and strategies to discontinue insulin.
Recommends consistent sleep schedule, dark quiet bedroom, no electronics, avoiding heavy meals/caffeine/alcohol before bed, daytime exercise, melatonin‑rich snacks, and sunlight exposure for better s…
Explains vitamin D insufficiency (12‑20 ng/mL) and deficiency (<12 ng/mL), treatment with high‑dose weekly D3 followed by maintenance, and a target range of 20‑40 ng/mL.
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